OBJC_EXPORT id objc_msgSend(id self, SEL op, ...)

//对象
struct objc_object {
    Class isa  OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY;
};
//类
struct objc_class {
    Class isa  OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY;
#if !__OBJC2__
    Class super_class                                        OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    const char *name                                         OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    long version                                             OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    long info                                                OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    long instance_size                                       OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_ivar_list *ivars                             OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_method_list **methodLists                    OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_cache *cache                                 OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_protocol_list *protocols                     OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#endif
} OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
//方法列表
struct objc_method_list {
    struct objc_method_list *obsolete                        OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    int method_count                                         OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#ifdef __LP64__
    int space                                                OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#endif
    /* variable length structure */
    struct objc_method method_list[1]                        OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
}                                                            OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
//方法
struct objc_method {
    SEL method_name                                          OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    char *method_types                                       OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    IMP method_imp                                           OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
}

typedef struct objc_class *Class;

struct objc_class {
    Class _Nonnull isa  OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY;

#if !__OBJC2__
    Class _Nullable super_class                              OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    const char * _Nonnull name                               OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    long version                                             OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    long info                                                OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    long instance_size                                       OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_ivar_list * _Nullable ivars                  OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_method_list * _Nullable * _Nullable methodLists                    OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_cache * _Nonnull cache                       OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_protocol_list * _Nullable protocols          OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#endif

} OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;

/// Represents an instance of a class.
struct objc_object {
    Class isa  OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY;
};

/// A pointer to an instance of a class.
typedef struct objc_object *id;

struct objc_object {
private:
    isa_t isa;

public:

    // ISA() assumes this is NOT a tagged pointer object
    Class ISA();

    // getIsa() allows this to be a tagged pointer object
    Class getIsa();
    ... 此处省略其他方法声明
}

runtime.h
/// An opaque type that represents a method in a class definition. 代表类定义中一个方法的不透明类型
typedef struct objc_method *Method;
struct objc_method {
    SEL method_name                                          OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    char *method_types                                       OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    IMP method_imp                                           OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;

- (void)logName
{
	NSLog(@"name");
}

Objc.h
/// An opaque type that represents a method selector.代表一个方法的不透明类型
typedef struct objc_selector *SEL;

@property SEL selector;

A method selector is a C string that has been registered (or “mapped“) with the Objective-C runtime. Selectors generated by the compiler are automatically mapped by the runtime when the class is loaded.

- (void)caculate(NSInteger)num;
- (void)caculate(CGFloat)num;

- (void)caculateWithInt(NSInteger)num;
- (void)caculateWithFloat(CGFloat)num;

/// A pointer to the function of a method implementation. 指向一个方法实现的指针
typedef id (*IMP)(id, SEL, ...);
#endif

struct category_t {
    const char *name;
    classref_t cls;
    struct method_list_t *instanceMethods;
    struct method_list_t *classMethods;
    struct protocol_list_t *protocols;
    struct property_list_t *instanceProperties;
};

name：是指 class_name 而不是 category_name。
cls：要扩展的类对象，编译期间是不会定义的，而是在Runtime阶段通过name对 应到对应的类对象。
instanceMethods：category中所有给类添加的实例方法的列表。
classMethods：category中所有添加的类方法的列表。
protocols：category实现的所有协议的列表。
instanceProperties：表示Category里所有的properties，这就是我们可以通过objc_setAssociatedObject和objc_getAssociatedObject增加实例变量的原因，不过这个和一般的实例变量是不一样的。

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
    // 执行foo函数
    [self performSelector:@selector(foo:)];
}

+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
    if (sel == @selector(foo:)) { // 如果是执行foo函数，就动态解析，指定新的IMP
        class_addMethod([self class], sel, (IMP)fooMethod, "v@:");
        return YES;
    }
    return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
}

void fooMethod(id obj, SEL _cmd) {
    NSLog(@"Doing foo"); // 新的foo函数
}

打印结果： 2018-04-01 12:23:35.952670+0800 ocram[87546:23235469] Doing foo

#import "ViewController.h"
#import "objc/runtime.h"

@interface Person: NSObject

@end

@implementation Person

- (void)foo {
    NSLog(@"Doing foo");//Person的foo函数
}

@end

@interface ViewController ()

@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
    // 执行foo函数
    [self performSelector:@selector(foo)];
}

+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
    return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel]; // 未处理，进入下一步转发
}

- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
    if (aSelector == @selector(foo)) {
        return [Person new]; // 返回Person对象，让Person对象接收这个消息
    }
    return [super forwardingTargetForSelector:aSelector];
}

@end

打印结果： 2018-04-01 12:45:04.757929+0800 ocram[88023:23260346] Doing foo

#import "ViewController.h"
#import "objc/runtime.h"

@interface Person: NSObject

@end

@implementation Person

- (void)foo {
    NSLog(@"Doing foo");//Person的foo函数
}

@end

@interface ViewController ()

@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
    // 执行foo函数
    [self performSelector:@selector(foo)];
}

+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
    return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel]; // 未处理，进入下一步转发
}

- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
    return nil; // 返回nil，进入下一步转发
}

- (NSMethodSignature *)methodSignatureForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
    if ([NSStringFromSelector(aSelector) isEqualToString:@"foo"]) {
        return [NSMethodSignature signatureWithObjCTypes:"v@:"]; // 签名，进入forwardInvocation
    }
    return [super methodSignatureForSelector:aSelector];
}

- (void)forwardInvocation:(NSInvocation *)anInvocation {
    SEL sel = anInvocation.selector;
    Person *p = [Person new];
    if([p respondsToSelector:sel]) {
        [anInvocation invokeWithTarget:p];
    }
    else {
        [self doesNotRecognizeSelector:sel];
    }
}

@end

打印结果： 2018-04-01 13:00:45.423385+0800 ocram[88353:23279961] Doing foo

//关联对象
void objc_setAssociatedObject(id object, const void *key, id value, objc_AssociationPolicy policy)
//获取关联的对象
id objc_getAssociatedObject(id object, const void *key)
//移除关联的对象
void objc_removeAssociatedObjects(id object)

id object：被关联的对象
const void *key：关联的key，要求唯一
id value：关联的对象
objc_AssociationPolicy policy：内存管理的策略

typedef OBJC_ENUM(uintptr_t, objc_AssociationPolicy) {
    OBJC_ASSOCIATION_ASSIGN = 0,           /**< Specifies a weak reference to the associated object. */
    OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC = 1, /**< Specifies a strong reference to the associated object.
                                            *   The association is not made atomically. */
    OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY_NONATOMIC = 3,   /**< Specifies that the associated object is copied.
                                            *   The association is not made atomically. */
    OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN = 01401,       /**< Specifies a strong reference to the associated object.
                                            *   The association is made atomically. */
    OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY = 01403          /**< Specifies that the associated object is copied.
                                            *   The association is made atomically. */
};

#import "ViewController.h"
#import "objc/runtime.h"

@interface UIView (DefaultColor)

@property (nonatomic, strong) UIColor *defaultColor;

@end

@implementation UIView (DefaultColor)

@dynamic defaultColor;

static char kDefaultColorKey;

- (void)setDefaultColor:(UIColor *)defaultColor {
    objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &kDefaultColorKey, defaultColor, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC);
}

- (id)defaultColor {
    return objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &kDefaultColorKey);
}

@end

@interface ViewController ()

@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.

    UIView *test = [UIView new];
    test.defaultColor = [UIColor blackColor];
    NSLog(@"%@", test.defaultColor);
}

@end

打印结果： 2018-04-01 15:41:44.977732+0800 ocram[2053:63739] UIExtendedGrayColorSpace 0 1

//class_addMethod(Class  _Nullable __unsafe_unretained cls, SEL  _Nonnull name, IMP  _Nonnull imp, const char * _Nullable types)
class_addMethod([self class], sel, (IMP)fooMethod, "v@:");

@implementation ViewController

+ (void)load {
    static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
    dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
        Class class = [self class];
        SEL originalSelector = @selector(viewDidLoad);
        SEL swizzledSelector = @selector(jkviewDidLoad);

        Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class,originalSelector);
        Method swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class,swizzledSelector);

        // judge the method named  swizzledMethod is already existed.
        BOOL didAddMethod = class_addMethod(class, originalSelector, method_getImplementation(swizzledMethod), method_getTypeEncoding(swizzledMethod));
        // if swizzledMethod is already existed.
        if (didAddMethod) {
            class_replaceMethod(class, swizzledSelector, method_getImplementation(originalMethod), method_getTypeEncoding(originalMethod));
        }
        else {
            method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swizzledMethod);
        }
    });
}

- (void)jkviewDidLoad {
    NSLog(@"替换的方法");

    [self jkviewDidLoad];
}

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    NSLog(@"自带的方法");

    [super viewDidLoad];
}

@end

从图中可以看出，我们通过swizzling特性，将selectorC的方法实现IMPc与selectorN的方法实现IMPn交换了，当我们调用selectorC，也就是给对象发送selectorC消息时，所查找到的对应的方法实现就是IMPn而不是IMPc了。

NSLog(@"self->isa:%@",self->isa);  
NSLog(@"self class:%@",[self class]);  

self->isa:A
self class:A

- (void)setName:(NSString *)newName {
      [self willChangeValueForKey:@"name"];    //KVO 在调用存取方法之前总调用
      [super setValue:newName forKey:@"name"]; //调用父类的存取方法
      [self didChangeValueForKey:@"name"];     //KVO 在调用存取方法之后总调用
}

- (id)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aDecoder {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        unsigned int outCount;
        Ivar * ivars = class_copyIvarList([self class], &outCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i ++) {
            Ivar ivar = ivars[i];
            NSString * key = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:ivar_getName(ivar)];
            [self setValue:[aDecoder decodeObjectForKey:key] forKey:key];
        }
    }
    return self;
}

- (void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aCoder {
    unsigned int outCount;
    Ivar * ivars = class_copyIvarList([self class], &outCount);
    for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i ++) {
        Ivar ivar = ivars[i];
        NSString * key = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:ivar_getName(ivar)];
        [aCoder encodeObject:[self valueForKey:key] forKey:key];
    }
}

- (instancetype)initWithDict:(NSDictionary *)dict {

    if (self = [self init]) {
        //(1)获取类的属性及属性对应的类型
        NSMutableArray * keys = [NSMutableArray array];
        NSMutableArray * attributes = [NSMutableArray array];
        /*
         * 例子
         * name = value3 attribute = T@"NSString",C,N,V_value3
         * name = value4 attribute = T^i,N,V_value4
         */
        unsigned int outCount;
        objc_property_t * properties = class_copyPropertyList([self class], &outCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i ++) {
            objc_property_t property = properties[i];
            //通过property_getName函数获得属性的名字
            NSString * propertyName = [NSString stringWithCString:property_getName(property) encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
            [keys addObject:propertyName];
            //通过property_getAttributes函数可以获得属性的名字和@encode编码
            NSString * propertyAttribute = [NSString stringWithCString:property_getAttributes(property) encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
            [attributes addObject:propertyAttribute];
        }
        //立即释放properties指向的内存
        free(properties);

        //(2)根据类型给属性赋值
        for (NSString * key in keys) {
            if ([dict valueForKey:key] == nil) continue;
            [self setValue:[dict valueForKey:key] forKey:key];
        }
    }
    return self;

}